The term framing device refers to the usage of the same single action, scene, event, setting, or any element of significance at both the beginning and end of an artistic, musical, or literary work. The repeated element thus creates a ‘frame’ within which the main body of work can develop.
The earliest example of this device is the frame story. Familiar examples of this include the Arabian Nights where Scheherazade must narrate stories in order to prevent her execution, Boccaccio's Decameron where young people run away from Florence to avoid the plague pass the time telling stories, and Chaucer's Canterbury Tales in which the host at the inn charges the travellers with each providing a tale.
Contents |
Framing devices are very common in storytelling. They are often employed to hold a story together and provide context, to create interest, to provide resolution and/or to move a story along. They are sometimes set apart from the main narrative by a change in story telling technique or tone.
A simple framing device often takes the form of a crucial- often the climactic- scene that appears at the beginning of the work, then reappears later on in the story, usually at the end or close to the end. Here, this device is most often intended to create suspense or to pique the audience’s interest.
Most commonly, the first time the scene appears it is out of the true chronology of the story, the second time it appears in its rightful place and the meaning of the scene is made clear. An example of this is the 2006 film The Illusionist which begins with a scene involving the arrest of the main character, which is then explained close to the end of the film. Many other films, books and television episodes use a simple framing device in this manner.
The reverse of this may also occur if an event occurs at the beginning of a story remains unexplained to the audience and the character(s) involved until the end of the story where it may be resolved in flashback. This occurs in the film The Bourne Identity where the main character’s amnesia prevents him from understanding the initial events. The earliest example of this technique was used in the Arabian Nights tale "The Three Apples", which begins with the discovery of a young woman's dead body; after the murderer later reveals himself, he narrates his reasons for the murder as a flashback of events leading up to the discovery of her dead body at the beginning of the story.[1]
A framing device is also used in the 1997 disaster romance film Titanic, where Old Rose tells a modern day treasure hunter her story of love and loss on the RMS Titanic.
A framing device of this kind may also be a scene or event that is slowly explained over the course of the main narrative. An example of this can be seen in the 2008 film Slumdog Millionaire (adapted from the 2005 novel Q & A), where the protagonist Jamal comes close to winning Kaun Banega Crorepati (the Indian version of Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?) and is then accused of cheating. The film begins with an interrogation at a police station serving as a framing device, where Jamal narrates how he answered the questions correctly by relating them to flashbacks of his own life.
Sir Arthur Conan Doyle often structured his detective stories in frames. The crime was reported, Sherlock Holmes solved the crime, and then he explained the solution to Dr. Watson. Thus the reader gets three looks at the same event.
Framing devices may also take the form of a recurrent element that appears at the beginning and the end of the narrative. For example, a story may begin with a character visiting a park under one set of circumstances, then returning at the end to the same park under a different set of circumstances, having undergone a change that allows him or her to see the park in a new light.
A framing device might also simply be a defining image of the narrative or art that is used at the beginning and end of the work. An example of this is in the film Chariots of Fire which begins and ends with the characters running along a beach, accompanied at both times by the movie’s famous theme music. This scene, although chronologically occurring in the middle of the film and unimportant to the straightforward plot, serves to convey a defining emotion and tone that sets the context for the main story.
At the beginning of the 1992 movie Far and Away, the father "dies" and then returns to life briefly. The same thing happens in Vanilla Sky where Tom Cruise's character "dies" and then comes back to life.
In the 2010 film The Social Network, Mark Zuckerberg testifies in the deposition of two Facebook-related lawsuits. The framing device gives perspective and narration to the flashback storyline beginning in 2003.
In musical sonata form or rondo, a theme occurs at the beginning and end of the work, or returns periodically. This could most simply be a recurrence or restatement of a melody or song. For example, the Beatles song "Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band" works as a framing device for their album of the same name, appearing at the beginning and end of the album. Other albums with similar devices include Paul McCartney & Wings' Band on the Run, the recurring heartbeats in Pink Floyd's album The Dark Side of the Moon and Wish You Were Here ("Shine On You Crazy Diamond"), Supertramp's Crime of the Century (the harmonica riff at the beginning of "School" is reprised at the end of the title track), and Spirit's Twelve Dreams of Dr. Sardonicus ("You have the world at your fingertips/No one can make it better than you"). Another is Junior Senior's 'D-D-D-Don't Stop The Beat' album which ends with a reprise of the first notes from the opening track. The closing track of Genesis' Selling England by the Pound is a reprise of the opening track "Dancing with the Moonlit Knight."
A reprise may be expressed in narrative: at the beginning and the end of the movie The Good, the Bad and the Ugly, Clint Eastwood's character shoots the noose to save his partner from hanging.